Comparative Analysis of Clean Water Services in Tourism Area: Case Study of Singapore and Lembang, West Java
Abstract
The tourism industry influenced by clean water, which impacts service quality, tourist health, and the environment. Clean water crises are occurring in various countries worldwide. The World Bank projects a 40% gap between clean water demand and supply by 2030. The purpose of this study is to analyze clean water management at tourism sites in Singapore and Lembang, West Java. Singapore is a developed country with an integrated system. Meanwhile, Lembang, West Java, is a tourism area that relies on natural resources. The research method is a comparative approach to clean water provision typology based on field surveys consisting of three tourism sites in Singapore: Fort Canning Park, Marina Bay Sands-Merlion Park, and Singapore Zoo. Thus, three tourism sites in Lembang, West Java, are Lawangwangi Creative Space, Floating Market Lembang, and Lembang Park and Zoo. Furthermore, the analysis used a SWOT approach. The results show that Singapore implements water storage and advanced technologies such as water recycling and desalination, supported by strict regulations and high efficiency. Meanwhile, clean water in Lembang comes from springs, private wells, and water subscriptions from the Drinking Water Company (PDAM). This analysis is crucial for uncovering the infrastructure and regulations between the two countries, thus providing an alternative source of clean water for other tourist destinations. This research is also expected to contribute to sustainable clean water management for the tourism sector, particularly within the context of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) on clean water and sanitation.
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Chen, M. (2011), “Institutional capacity and policy options for integrated urban water management: a Singapore case study”, Water Policy, Vol. 13 No. 1, pp. 53-68.
Chew, Valerie. (2019), “Marina Reservoir”, available at: https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=8abdf1d6-45cf-4cb8-8f31-1f0316025b1b, (accessed 17 July 2025).
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Gonzalez-Perez, D. M., Martín Martín, J. M., Guaita Martínez, J. M., & Morales Pachón, A. (2023), “Analyzing the real size of the tourism industry on the basis of an assessment of water consumption patterns”, Journal of Business Research, 157, 113601, available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113601, (accessed 07 June 2025).
Khalifah, Medinah Nur. (2024), “Kajian Daya Dukung Mataair Sebagai Sumber Air Bersih di Kecamatan Lembang, Kabupaten Bandung Barat, Provinsi Jawa Barat”, Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada. Theses and Dissertations Repository | ETD UGM.
Kim, S. and Kwa, K. (2020), “A closer look at risk factors for public-private partnerships in Singapore: six case studies”, Asian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 28 No. 2, pp. 142-163.
Kim, S., & Choi, Y. (2023), “A comparative study of the adoption of public-private partnerships for water services in South Korea and Singapore”, Public Administration and Policy, 26(2), 142–155, available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/PAP-08-2022-0091, (accessed 07 June 2025).
Kow, Zi Shan. (2021), “Beneath Fort Canning is a 92-year-old reservoir that still supplies drinkable water to CBD area”, available at: https://mothership.sg/2021/12/fort-canning-service-reservoir/ (accsessed 03 June 2025).
Lee, T. (2016), “Singapore’s experience with reclaimed water: NEWater”, International Journal of Water Resources Development, Vol. 32 No. 4, pp. 611-621.
Liyushiana, L., Sinaga, J. C. H., Ismail, M., & Denny, A. (2023). ASSESSING THE SPATIAL ASPECTS OF ECO-TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN BUKIT LAWANG AREA. International Journal of Sustainable Competitiveness on Tourism, 2(01), 36–43. https://doi.org/10.34013/ijscot.v2i01.1241
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Public Utilities Board (PUB) (2024), “Imported Water”, available at: https://www.pub.gov.sg/Public/WaterLoop/OurWaterStory/ImportedWater, (accessed 11 June 2025).
Public Utilities Board (PUB) (2024), “Singapore water story”, available at: https://www.pub.gov.sg/Public/WaterLoop/OurWaterStory, (accessed 11 June 2025).
Public Utilities Board (PUB) (2025), “Singapore’s Water Loop”, available at: https://www.pub.gov.sg/public/waterloop, (accessed 11 June 2025).
Public Utilities Board (PUB) (2025), “Water Proce”, available at: https://www.pub.gov.sg/Public/WaterLoop/Water-Price, (accessed 18 July 2025).
Salim, Felicia. (2024), “Perancangan Lanskap Kebun Binatang Berkelanjutan dengan Pendekatan Kesejahteraan Satwa dan Lanskap Ekologi Studi Kasus: Lembang Park & Zoo”. Thesis. Available at: Perpustakaan Digital - Digilib ITB - Digital Library. Accessed 11 June 2025.
Singapore Department of Statistics (2025), “How many tourists visit Singapore each year?”, available at: Singapore Tourism Statistics - How Many People Visit? (2025) (accessed 03 June 2025).
Singapore Land Authority (2024), “M890151 - Land area (as at June) annual”, available at: https://tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg/table/TS/M890151, (accessed 07 June 2025).
Sitorus, VA. (2018). “Experiential marketing, Emotional branding, Customer satisfaction and Customer loyalty”, available at: http://repository.widyatama.ac.id/xmlui/handle/123456789/14375, (accessed 11 June 2025).
Subagyono, K. and Pawitan, H. (2008). Water harvesting techniques for sustainable water resources management in catchment areas. Proceedings International Workshop on Integrated Watershed Management for Sustainable Water Use in a Humid Tropical Region.
UNWTO (2019), “Asia Tourism Trends”, available at: UNWTO/GTERC Asia Tourism Trends, 2019 Edition – Executive Summary (accessed 03 June 2025).
Wibowo & Karuniasa. (2019), “Sustainability of clean water supply through ecotourism (A Study in Lembang Subdistrict)” IOP Conf. Ser..: Earth Environ. Sci. 256 01200, available at: doi:10.1088/1755 1315/256/1/012007, (accessed 07 June 2025).
World Bank (2020), Watershed A New Era of Water Governance in China Synthesis Report. World Bank Group, 2017. Research on Water Treatment in China.
World Bank (2021), “Indonesia Vision 2045: Toward Water Security”, the World Bank Group, Washington, DC, available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10986/36727, (accessed 11 June 2025).
Yanuar, Mukhotaru. (2016), “Tingkat Pemenuhan Kebutuhan Air Bersih di Kecamatan Lembang Kabupaten Bandung Barat”. Studi Kajian untuk Wilayah Perkotaan Kecamatan Lembang Kabupaten Bandung Barat. S1 thesis, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.
Yong, Chun Yuan. (2016), “Merlion”, available at: https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=f9c0fd6c-acfa-4eb0-8585-2aa155c1d74d, (accessed 17 July 2025).
Authors
Enzelluthfiyah, L. (2026). Comparative Analysis of Clean Water Services in Tourism Area: Case Study of Singapore and Lembang, West Java. International Journal of Sustainable Competitiveness on Tourism, 5(01), 38–51. https://doi.org/10.34013/ijscot.v5i01.2317
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