The Structural Drivers of Community-Based Green Tourism Development Evidence from Jatiluwih Cultural Landscape, Bali
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Abstract
This study aims to develop a Community-Based Green Tourism (CBGT) model by identifying the hierarchical relationships among the critical factors influencing sustainable tourism development in the Jatiluwih Cultural Landscape, Bali, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. A qualitative case study was conducted using Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) based on pairwise comparisons and expert judgment. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and focus group discussions involving 14 purposively selected experts representing government agencies, tourism destination managers, local communities, farmers, tourism businesses, academics, and media practitioners. The ISM procedure comprised the development of the Structural Self-Interaction Matrix (SSIM), reachability matrix, level partitioning, and driver power–dependence analysis to identify the structural hierarchy among the factors. The findings reveal that social cohesion, community participation, institutional collaboration, environmental conservation, and local economic empowerment constitute the primary driving factors of community-based green tourism development. Government and academic institutions emerged as strategic institutional drivers, while the preservation of the Subak system, sustainable irrigation management, MSME empowerment, and cultural revitalization represent key outcomes of the development process. The study contributes theoretically by extending the community-based green tourism framework into a hierarchical ISM-based model that explains causal relationships among governance, environmental, socio-cultural, and economic dimensions. Practically, the proposed model provides a strategic framework for policymakers and destination managers to prioritize interventions that strengthen collaborative governance, community empowerment, and long-term sustainability in heritage tourism destinations.
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