The French Cultural Tourism: Exploring the Harmonious Coexistence of Tradition and Modernization
Main Article Content
Abstract
Cultural tourism has become the doctrine of tourism development in many countries. Various local commodities have been transformed into tourist attractions to satisfy the curiosity of tourists. Unfortunately, cultural tourism in many destinations tends to be exclusive, where its activities focus on presenting artificial cultural attractions that are packaged for tourists. This article describes the best practice of how France has succeeded in developing a culture-based tourism sector amidst the demands of modernization and industrialization. Through a qualitative descriptive approach, data and information were collected from observation, literacy studies, and interviews. The authors conducted a thematic analysis to portray a culture-based French tourism model. The analysis results conclude that French tourism is firmly supported by a wealth of culture and traditions that have long been rooted in people's lives.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Business France. (2016). Wine industry.
Bellini N., G. F.., & Pasquinelli, C. (2017). Urban tourism and city development: notes for an integrated policy agenda. In N. Bellini & C. Pasquinelli (Eds.), Tourism in the City (pp. 333– 339). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26877-4
Bruwer, J., & Lesschaeve, I. (2012). Wine Tourists’ Destination Region Brand Image Perception and Antecedents: Conceptualization of a Winescape Framework. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 29(7), 611–628. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2012.719819
Campus France. (2020). Discover French Gastronomy. Retrieved from: https://www.campusfrance.org/en/culinary-specialties-French-gastronomy
Campus France. (2022). Key Figures. Retrieved from: https://ressources.campusfrance.org/publications/chiffres_cles/en/chiffres_cles_2020_en.pdf
Carlström, E. D., & Ekman, I. (2012). Organisational culture and change: Implementing personcentred care. Journal of Health, Organisation and Management, 26(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.1108/14777261211230763
Corigliano, A. R. (2002). The route to quality: Italian gastronomy networks in operation. In G. Hjalager, A. & Richards (Ed.), Tourism and gastronomy (pp.166-185). Routledge.
DGE. (2019). More than 89 million foreign tourists in France in 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.entreprises.gouv.fr/files/files/directions_services/etudes-et-statistiques/4pDGE/2019-4Pn88-EVE-ENGLISH-Version.pdf
Dychkovskyy, S., & Ivanov, S. (2020). Festival Tourism as Part of International Tourism and a Factor in the Development of Cultural Tourism. Informacijos Mokslai, 89, 73–82. https://doi.org/10.15388/Im.2020.89.41
Everett, S., & Aitchison, C. (2008). The Role of Food Tourism in Sustaining Regional Identity: A Case Study of Cornwall, South West England. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(2), 150–167. https://doi.org/10.2167/jost696.0
France Diplomacy. (2020). Gastronomy – 4th edition of “Goût de France/Good France". Retrieved from: https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-foreign-policy/tourism/the-action-of-maedi-inpromoting/news/article/gastronomy-4th-edition-of-gout-de-france-good-france-20-03-18
Getz, D. (2000). Explore Wine Tourism: Management, Development and Destination.
Given, L. (2008). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412963909
Gross, M. (2008). Lessons From the Frugal Grand Tour. Retrieved from: https://frugaltraveler.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/09/05/lesons-from-the-frugal-grand-tour/
Hanafiah, M. H., Amir, A. F., Kamal, N. N. S., & Saharuddin, N. N. (2021). Sustainable Urban Tourism Development and Quality of Life: A Case of Kampung Bharu, Kuala Lumpur. Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism, 28(3), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2021-0017
Hayat, R., Asif, M., & Riaz, M. (2021). Impacts of Cultural Tourism in Pakistan. PalArch’s Journal of Archeology of Egypt, 18(7), 2793–2800.
Johnson, M. T. (2013). What Is Culture? What Does It Do? What Should It Do? In Evaluating Culture (pp. 97–119). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137313799_5
Kementerian Kebudayaan Prancis. (2020). The network of museums in France. Retrieved from: https://www.culture.gouv.fr/en/Thematiques/Musees/Les-musees-en-France/Les-museesde-France/Le-reseau-des-musees-de-France
Kivela, J., & Crotts, J. C. (2006). Tourism and Gastronomy: Gastronomy’s Influence on How Tourists Experience a Destination. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 30(3), 354–377. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348006286797
Kroeber, A. L., & Kluckhohn, C. (1952). Culture: A critical review of concepts and definitions. Papers. Peabody Museum of Archaeology & Ethnology. Harvard University.
López, T. E. H., Hernández, Y. C., Sánchez, L. M. C., & Pastaz, M. M. V. (2019). Gastronomic Tourism: Attitudes, Motivations and Satisfaction of the Visitor in Cantons of Tungurahua, Ecuador. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 9(3), 699–719. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajibm.2019.93047
Miles, M.., Huberman, M.., & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Moleong, L. (2002). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Remaja Rosda Karya.
Montazer, Z., & Zare Bidoki, F. (2017). Traditional, fashion and new perspective on fashion tourism. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 254(17). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/254/17/172018
Nasution, S. (2011). Metode Research (Penelitian Ilmiah). Aksara.
Nassaji, H. (2015). Qualitative and descriptive research: Data type versus data analysis. Language Teaching Research, 19(2), 129–132. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168815572747
OECD. (2009). The Impact of Culture on Tourism. Retrieved from: https://www.oecd.org/cfe/tourism/theimpactofcultureontourism.html
Perret, J., Marcelpoil, E., Micheels, C., Borg, D., & Torre, A. (2001). L'agritourisme en 2001. La diversité des territoires et des acteurs: entre témoignage et commerce (Doctoral dissertation,irstea).
Prabawa, Iw. S. W., & Winaja, I. W. (2018). Balinese Art and Tourism Promotion: From the 1931 ‘Paris Colonial Exposition’ to the Contemporary ‘Paris Tropical CD.2val.’ Jurnal Kajian Bali (Journal of Bali Studies), 8(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.24843/JKB.2018.v08.i01.p02
Rahmawati, R., Yahiji, K., & Rusli, M. (2019). Mopo’alati Tradition In The Coastal Muslim Community At Molotabu Beach Bone Bolango District. Wawasan: Jurnal Ilmiah Agama Dan Sosial Budaya, 4(1), 65-79. https://doi.org/10.15575/jw.v4i1.4080
Richards, G. (2021). Business Models for Creative Tourism. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 19(1), 1–13.
Ritchie, B. W. (2003). Managing Educational Tourism Vol.10. Channel View Publications. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781873150528
Ross, S. A. (1977). The Determination of Financial Structure: The Incentive-Signalling Approach. The Bell Journal of Economics, 8(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.2307/3003485
Siaga, A. D. (2018). Fashion in Tourism: Is the importance of fashion events underestimated in its effect in the growth of tourism in New York, London, Milan, Paris and finally Athens? (Issue January) [International Hellenic University]. Retrieved from: https://repository.ihu.edu.gr/xmlui/handle/11544/29053
Sormaz, U., Akmese, H., Gunes, E., & Aras, S. (2016). Gastronomy in Tourism. Procedia Economics and Finance, 39(November 2015), 725–730. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(16)30286-6
Svendsen, L. (2006). Fashion: A Philosophy (2nd Edition). Reaktion Books.
Torrie, J. S. (2011). ‘Our rear area probably lived too well’: tourism and the German occupation of France, 1940–1944. Journal of Tourism History, 3(3), 309–330. https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2011.628057
Thompson, S. (2014). Encyclopedia of Diversity and Social Justice. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Retrieved from: https://books.google.fr/books?id=8rotBgAAQBAJ
Uday, V. (2021). Cultural Tourism. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Research, 514(1), 1–4. Retrieved from: http://s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/ijmer/pdf/volume10/volume10-issue1(1)/1.pdf
Uguz, S. C., & Gacnik, A. (2016). Festivals As Cultural Attractions in Tourism: Case of Slovenia. In C.Avcikurt, M. Dinu, N. Hacioğlu, R. Efe, & A. Soykan (Eds.), Tourism, Environment and Sustainability (Issue October 2015). Kliment Ohridski University Press Sofia.
UNESCO. (2021). Convention du patrimoine mondial. Retrieved from: https://whc.unesco.org/fr/etatsparties/fr
UNWTO. (2020a). Gastronomy and Wine Tourism.Retrieved from: https://www.unwto.org/gastronomy-winetourism
UNWTO. (2020b). Urban tourism.Retrieved from: https://www.unwto.org/urban-tourism
Visitfrenchwine. (2017). Les chiffres de l’œnotourisme en France. Retrieved from: https://www.visitfrenchwine.com/produits/chiffres-oenotourisme-france
Vlès, V., Marcelpoil, E., & Frochot, I. (2014). 26. Strengths and Paradoxes of French Tourism Planning. In European Tourism Planning and Organisation Systems. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781845414344-030
Zadel, Z., & Bogdan, S. (2013). Economic impact of cultural tourism. Journal of Economics, 4(3), 355–366.
Zimmermann, K. A., & Gordon, J. (2022). French culture: Customs & traditions. Retrieved from: https://www.livescience.com/39149-french-culture.html